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Resumo
Verificar as relações múltiplas da participação na educação física, ano escolar, idade e sexo com as alterações longitudinais da aptidão cardiorrespiratória em crianças e identificar se existe um papel mediador das alterações longitudinais da composição corporal nessas relações. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, realizado de março a novembro de 2019, com crianças de 6 a 12 anos, 150 meninos e 80 meninas. Classificou-se as crianças conforme um ponto de corte de 70% de participação nas aulas de educação física (> 70% = alta PEF x <70% = baixa PEF). Avaliaram-se os desfechos de Composição Corporal (CC): índice de massa corporal, dobras cutâneas, relação cintura / estatura e aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR). Utilizou-se estatística por delta individual (D%), D de Cohen, teste de Bonferroni, equações estimativas generalizadas (GEE) e modelo de equações estruturais (SEM). Resultados: meninos e meninas tiveram aumento nas variáveis de BC e uma diminuição longitudinal na CRF mais forte no grupo com baixa PEF em comparação com o grupo com alta PEF. O modelo SEM mostrou que as crianças com alta PEF tiveram grandes diminuições nas variáveis de BC e isso teve influência no aumento da APCR. Conclusão: O grupo de alta PEF foi associado ao aumento do D%APCR, essa é uma associação indireta mediada pela redução do D%CC. O SEM indica que crianças que reduzem a CC também aumentaram a APCR e vice-versa. O presente estudo aponta que alta PEF é importante para minimizar os efeitos longitudinais negativos da gordura corporal sobre a APCR.
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Referências
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- HEYWARD, V. H. Practical Body Composition Assessment for Children, Adults, and Older Adults. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, v. 8, n. 3, p. 285–307, 1 set. 1998.
- HU, L.; BENTLER, P. M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, v. 6, n. 1, p. 1–55, jan. 1999.
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- KNOPP, D.; PRAT, I. A.; AZEVEDO, M. R. Intervenções escolares de médio e longo prazo para promoção de atividade física: Revisão sistemática. Revista Brasileira Atividade Física e Saúde, v. 19, n. 2, p. 142–152, 2014.
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- LAROUCHE, R. et al. Life transitions in the waning of physical activity from childhood to adult life in the Trois-Rivières study. Journal of physical activity & health, v. 9, n. 4, p. 516–24, maio 2012.
- LAROUCHE, R. et al. Physical fitness, motor skill, and physical activity relationships in grade 4 to 6 children. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolis. Physiologie Appliquee Nutrition et Metabolisme, v. 39, n. 5, SI, p. 553–559, 2014.
- LEMES, V. B. et al. Níveis de atividade física em dois modelos de aulas de Educação Física. Cinergis, v. 16, n. 4, p. 231–236, 2015.
- LEMES, V. B. et al. Jump gymnastic at school physical education for adolescents and adults: changes and prevalence of success in health-related physical fitness. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde, v. 23, p. 1–10, 2018.
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- LEMES, V. B. et al. Associations among psychological satisfaction in physical education, sports practice, and health indicators with physical activity: Direct and indirect ways in a structural equation model proposal. International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, nov. 2020.
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- MCCORMACK, G. R. et al. A cross-sectional study of the individual, social, and built environmental correlates of pedometer-based physical activity among elementary school children. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, v. 8, p. 30, 2011.
- MCKENZIE, T. L.; LOUNSBERY, M. A. F. Physical Education Teacher Effectiveness in a Public Health Context. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, v. 84, n. August 2015, p. 419–430, 2013.
- MCMURRAY, R. G. et al. Is physical activity or aerobic power more influential on reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, v. 30, n. 10, p. 1521–1529, out. 1998.
- MILANESE, C. et al. The role of age, sex, anthropometry, and body composition as determinants of physical fitness in nonobese children aged 6-12. PeerJ, v. 2020, n. 3, 2020.
- NOBRE, G. C.; VALENTINI, N. C.; NOBRE, F. S. S. Fundamental motor skills, nutritional status, perceived competence, and school performance of Brazilian children in social vulnerability: Gender comparison. Child Abuse and Neglect, v. 80, n. February, p. 335–345, 2018.
- OLIVEIRA, L. C. V. DE et al. Effect of an intervention in Physical Education classes on health related levels of physical fitness in youth. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde, v. 22, n. 1, p. 46–53, 2017.
- ORTEGA, F. B. et al. Role of Fitness in the Metabolically Healthy but Obese Phenotype: A Review and Update. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, v. 58, n. 1, 2015.
- PÉREZ-BEY, A. et al. The influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on clustered cardiovascular disease risk factors and the mediator role of body mass index in youth: The UP&DOWN Study. Pediatric Diabetes, v. 20, n. 1, p. 32–40, 2019.
- PLICHTA, S. B.; KELVIN, E. A. Munro’s statistical methods for health care research, 2012.
- SALLIS, J. F. et al. Series Physical Activity 2016 : Progress and Challenges Progress in physical activity over the Olympic quadrennium. The Lancet, v. 6736, n. 16, p. 1–12, 2016.
- SANTA CATARINA, G. DO E. DE. Currículo base da educação infantil e do ensino fundamental do território catarinense. Florianópolis. Secretaria de Estado da Educação, , 2019.
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Referências
AL-KHUDAIRY, L. et al. Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, v. 2017, n. 6, p. CD012691, 22 jun. 2017.
ANDERSEN, L. B. et al. A new approach to define and diagnose cardiometabolic disorder in children. Journal of diabetes research, v. 2015, n. Cvd, p. 539835, 2015.
ASHWELL, M. The Increasing Importance of Waist-to-Height Ratio to Assess Cardiometabolic Risk: A Plea for Consistent Terminology. The Open Obesity Journal, v. 3, n. 0, p. 70–77, 2011.
BARANOWSKI, T. et al. Prospective BMI Category Change Associated with Cardiovascular Fitness Change. Medicine and Science In Sports and Exercise, v. 45, n. 2, p. 294–298, 2013.
BENTO, G. G. et al. Prevalence and factors associated with physical activity in socially vulnerable children. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, v. 25, n. 4, p. 285–289, 2019.
BERGMANN, G. et al. Use of the 6-minute walk/run test to predict peak oxygen uptake in adolescents. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde, v. 19, n. 1, p. 64–73, 2014.
BERGMANN, G. G. et al. Peak growth velocity of height , body mass and subcutaneous fat in 10 to 14-year-old boys and girls. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, v. 9, n. 4, p. 333–338, 2007.
BERGMANN, G. G. et al. Estudo longitudinal do crescimento corporal de escolares de 10 a 14 anos: Diformismo sexual e pico de velocidade. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, v. 10, p. 249–254, 2008.
BERGMANN, G. G.; BERGMANN, M. L. DE A.; HALLAL, P. C. Independent and combined associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and fatness with cardiovascular risk factors in Brazilian youth. Journal of physical activity & health, v. 11, n. 2, p. 375–383, fev. 2014.
BERLEZE, A.; VALENTINI, N. C. Motor Development of obese and healthy weight children: A Mastery Climate Motor Skills Intervention impact on the motor development and body mass index. Journal Of Sport & Exercise Psychology, v. 35, n. S, p. S60–S61, jun. 2013.
BLAIR, S. N.; CHENG, Y.; HOLDER, J. S. Is physical activity or physical fitness more important in defining health benefits? Medicine and science in sports and exercise, v. 33, n. 6 Suppl, p. S379–S399; discussion S419-S420, 2001.
BNCC. Base Nacional Comum CurricularMinistério da Educação do Brasil, 2019. Disponível em: <http://basenacionalcomum.mec.gov.br/>. Acesso em: 14 jan. 2020
BRAND, C. et al. The role of body fat in the relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness with cardiovascular risk factors in Brazilian children. Motriz. Revista de Educacao Fisica, v. 24, n. 4, p. 101811, 2018.
BRAND, C. et al. Effect of a multicomponent intervention in components of metabolic syndrome: a study with overweight/obese low-income school-aged children. Sport Sciences for Health, n. 0123456789, 11 out. 2019.
BRAND, C. et al. Effects and prevalence of responders after a multicomponent intervention on cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity: Action for health study. Journal of sports sciences, v. 38, n. 6, p. 682–691, 12 mar. 2020.
CHEUNG, G. W.; LAU, R. S. Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables: Bootstrapping with structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, v. 11, n. 2, p. 296–325, 2008.
COHEN, J. Quantitative methods in psychology: a power primer. Psychological Bulletin, v. 112, n. (1), p. 153– 159., 1992.
COLQUITT, J. L. et al. Diet, physical activity, and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obesity in preschool children up to the age of 6 years. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, v. 2016, n. 3, p. CD012105, mar. 2016.
DIAS, A. F. et al. Association between school structure and physical activity in physical education class and school recess. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano, 2017.
FAIRCLOUGH, S. J. Girls’ physical activity during high school physical education: Influences of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, v. 22, n. 4, p. 382–395, 2003.
FAUL, F. et al. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, v. 39, n. 2, p. 175–191, 2007.
GARCIÁ-HERMOSO, A. et al. Association of Physical Education with Improvement of Health-Related Physical Fitness Outcomes and Fundamental Motor Skills among Youths: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, p. 1–11, 2020.
GAYA, A. A.; GAYA, A. A. Projeto Esporte Brasil. Manual de testes e avaliação.Porto Alegre. Editora Perfil. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, , 2016. Disponível em: <https://www.ufrgs.br/proesp/como-aplicar-o-proesp.php>
GAYA, A. R. et al. Obesity anthropometric indicators associated with cardiometabolic risk in Portuguese children and adolescents. Preventive Medicine Reports, v. 8, n. September, p. 158–162, 6 dez. 2017.
GAYA, A. R. et al. Aggregation of risk indicators to cardiometabolic and musculoskeletal health in Brazilian adolescents in the periods 2008/09 and 2013/14. Jornal de Pediatria, v. 94, n. 2, p. 177–183, mar. 2018.
GODOY, K. et al. Insegurança alimentar e estado nutricional entre indivíduos em situação de vulnerabilidade social no Brasil. Ciencia e Saude Coletiva, v. 22, n. 2, p. 607–616, 2017.
GONÇALVES, E. C. DE A. et al. Prevalence of Brazilian children and youth who meet health criteria for cardiorespiratory fitness: Systematic review. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano, v. 20, n. 4, p. 446–471, 2018.
GORAN, M. et al. Total body fat does not influence maximal aerobic capacity. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, v. 24, n. 7, p. 841–848, jul. 2000.
GRALLA, M. H. et al. Associations of Objectively Measured Vigorous Physical Activity With Body Composition, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Cardiometabolic Health in Youth: A Review. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, v. 13, n. 1, p. 61–97, 6 jan. 2019.
HEYWARD, V. H. Practical Body Composition Assessment for Children, Adults, and Older Adults. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, v. 8, n. 3, p. 285–307, 1 set. 1998.
HU, L.; BENTLER, P. M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, v. 6, n. 1, p. 1–55, jan. 1999.
HUSSEY, J. et al. Relationship between the intensity of physical activity, inactivity, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in 7-10-year-old Dublin children. British journal of sports medicine, v. 41, n. 5, p. 311–316, maio 2007.
JUNIOR, C. F. et al. A ginástica como conteúdo da educação física escolar. Perspectivas on-line: Biológicas & Saúde, v. 5, n. 2, p. 12–22, 2012.
KAHAN, D.; MCKENZIE, T. L. The potential and reality of physical education in controlling overweight and obesity. American Journal of Public Health, v. 105, n. 4, p. 653–659, 2015.
KNOPP, D.; PRAT, I. A.; AZEVEDO, M. R. Intervenções escolares de médio e longo prazo para promoção de atividade física: Revisão sistemática. Revista Brasileira Atividade Física e Saúde, v. 19, n. 2, p. 142–152, 2014.
LANGFORD, R. et al. The WHO Health Promoting School framework for improving the health and well-being of students and their academic achievement. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, v. 4, p. CD008958, 2014.
LAROUCHE, R. et al. Life transitions in the waning of physical activity from childhood to adult life in the Trois-Rivières study. Journal of physical activity & health, v. 9, n. 4, p. 516–24, maio 2012.
LAROUCHE, R. et al. Physical fitness, motor skill, and physical activity relationships in grade 4 to 6 children. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolis. Physiologie Appliquee Nutrition et Metabolisme, v. 39, n. 5, SI, p. 553–559, 2014.
LEMES, V. B. et al. Níveis de atividade física em dois modelos de aulas de Educação Física. Cinergis, v. 16, n. 4, p. 231–236, 2015.
LEMES, V. B. et al. Jump gymnastic at school physical education for adolescents and adults: changes and prevalence of success in health-related physical fitness. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde, v. 23, p. 1–10, 2018.
LEMES, V. B. et al. Efeitos da Educação Física nos níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e no índice de massa corporal na Educação de Jovens e Adultos – EJA. Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte, v. 33, n. 4, p. 639–647, 2019.
LEMES, V. B. et al. Associations among psychological satisfaction in physical education, sports practice, and health indicators with physical activity: Direct and indirect ways in a structural equation model proposal. International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, nov. 2020.
MAGNUSSON, K. T. et al. Limited effects of a 2-year school-based physical activity intervention on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in 7-year-old children. Health education research, v. 27, n. 3, p. 484–494, jun. 2012.
MARTÍNEZ STEELE, E. et al. Ultra-processed foods, protein leverage and energy intake in the USA. Public health nutrition, v. 21, n. 1, p. 114–124, jan. 2018.
MCCORMACK, G. R. et al. A cross-sectional study of the individual, social, and built environmental correlates of pedometer-based physical activity among elementary school children. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, v. 8, p. 30, 2011.
MCKENZIE, T. L.; LOUNSBERY, M. A. F. Physical Education Teacher Effectiveness in a Public Health Context. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, v. 84, n. August 2015, p. 419–430, 2013.
MCMURRAY, R. G. et al. Is physical activity or aerobic power more influential on reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, v. 30, n. 10, p. 1521–1529, out. 1998.
MILANESE, C. et al. The role of age, sex, anthropometry, and body composition as determinants of physical fitness in nonobese children aged 6-12. PeerJ, v. 2020, n. 3, 2020.
NOBRE, G. C.; VALENTINI, N. C.; NOBRE, F. S. S. Fundamental motor skills, nutritional status, perceived competence, and school performance of Brazilian children in social vulnerability: Gender comparison. Child Abuse and Neglect, v. 80, n. February, p. 335–345, 2018.
OLIVEIRA, L. C. V. DE et al. Effect of an intervention in Physical Education classes on health related levels of physical fitness in youth. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde, v. 22, n. 1, p. 46–53, 2017.
ORTEGA, F. B. et al. Role of Fitness in the Metabolically Healthy but Obese Phenotype: A Review and Update. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, v. 58, n. 1, 2015.
PÉREZ-BEY, A. et al. The influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on clustered cardiovascular disease risk factors and the mediator role of body mass index in youth: The UP&DOWN Study. Pediatric Diabetes, v. 20, n. 1, p. 32–40, 2019.
PLICHTA, S. B.; KELVIN, E. A. Munro’s statistical methods for health care research, 2012.
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